This paper analyzes critical parameters that must be provided by an optical link based on MPLS-TP to satisfy the demand of protection schemes. Impedance protection is sensitive to latency while differential require symmetry that must be assured.

IRIG-B provides accurate timing for internal clocks and systems to timestamp events in aerospace, utilities and control systems, so verifying IRIG-B performance is very important as it is the reference for mission critical applications.

Power substations function as the beating heart of energy grids, ensuring the seamless flow of electricity from power plants to our homes and businesses.

SNMP is a powerful yet simple solution to remote control, automation and management. The Net.Time family is compatible with SNMP versions 2c and 3 allowing for a full range of applications in scenarios of different complexities.

Net.Time φ is compatible with the PTP Utility Profile (IEC 61850-9-3) and PRP (IEC 62439-3). These protocols are great when they work together offering the failsafe, accurate timing over required in digital substation applications.

The frequency holdover or partial holdover function is an example of how frequency references could be used in phase & time synchronization. This Net.Time feature provides nanosecond accuracy for a long time when GNSS or PTP references are lost.