Protection schemes, such as C37.94, have the objective of keeping the Power System stable and isolated. For correct function the control of latency, latency variations and asymmetry is fundamental.

A synchrophasor is a device that measures electrical waves in an electrical network. A synchrophasor uses a common time reference to synchronize multiple measurements from remote points on the electrical network.

The new substation clocks typically run PTP/NTP over PRP but also include all the legacy signal to facilitate the integration of conventional substations and the new IEC 61850 standards by offering a wide variety of reference inputs and outputs.